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In-depth lessons and guides to improve your understanding of VAR, Laws of the Game and refereeing.

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LessonLevelCategoryRead TimeDate
Handball: Close Distance and Reaction TimeHandball: Close Distance and Reaction Time is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every ball-to-hand… Advanced Handball 2 min read
Handball in the Build-Up to a GoalHandball in the Build-Up to a Goal is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every… Advanced Handball 2 min read
Deflections: Does a Deflection Excuse Handball?Deflections: Does a Deflection Excuse Handball? is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on… Advanced Handball 2 min read
Offside on Goalkeeper Saves: Rebounds and AdvantageOffside on Goalkeeper Saves: Rebounds and Advantage is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend… Advanced Offside 2 min read
Encroachment on Penalties: Retake RulesEncroachment on Penalties: Retake Rules is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement… Advanced Restarts 2 min read
Red Cards in the Box: DOGSO With a Genuine AttemptRed Cards in the Box: DOGSO With a Genuine Attempt sits at the heart of Law 12 because… Advanced Cards 2 min read
Professional Fouls: When It Becomes DOGSOProfessional Fouls: When It Becomes DOGSO sits at the heart of Law 12 because referees must separate normal… Advanced Cards 2 min read
Studs Up Challenges: What Referees Look ForStuds Up Challenges: What Referees Look For is a useful referee education topic because the right answer usually… Advanced Cards 2 min read
Excessive Force: Red Card IndicatorsExcessive Force: Red Card Indicators sits at the heart of Law 12 because referees must separate normal football… Advanced Cards 2 min read
Soft Contact: When VAR Won’t Overturn a PenaltySoft Contact: When VAR Won’t Overturn a Penalty is central to modern refereeing because the IFAB VAR Protocol… Advanced Penalties 2 min read
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