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In-depth lessons and guides to improve your understanding of VAR, Laws of the Game and refereeing.

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LessonLevelCategoryRead TimeDate
VAR Review Process for Penalty DecisionsVAR Review Process for Penalty Decisions is central to modern refereeing because the IFAB VAR Protocol does not… Advanced VAR Protocol 2 min read
Offside After Deflections and SavesOffside After Deflections and Saves is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on whether… Advanced Offside 2 min read
Supporting Arm Handball SituationsSupporting Arm Handball Situations is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every ball-to-hand contact is… Advanced Handball 2 min read
Serious Foul Play vs Reckless ChallengesSerious Foul Play vs Reckless Challenges sits at the heart of Law 12 because referees must separate normal… Advanced Cards 2 min read
Penalty Encroachment RulesPenalty Encroachment Rules is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement and player… Advanced Restarts 2 min read
Contact in the Penalty Area DecisionsContact in the Penalty Area Decisions is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing,… Advanced Penalties 2 min read
Set Pieces: Offside on Corners and Free KicksSet Pieces: Offside on Corners and Free Kicks is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often… Advanced Offside 2 min read
Deliberate Play vs Deflection: Offside Reset ExplainedDeliberate Play vs Deflection: Offside Reset Explained is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend… Advanced Offside 2 min read
Deflections & Rebounds: Gaining Advantage from OffsideDeflections & Rebounds: Gaining Advantage from Offside is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend… Advanced Offside 2 min read
Keeper Vision: Screening and Offside InterferenceKeeper Vision: Screening and Offside Interference is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on… Advanced Offside 2 min read
Ball Out of Play: When a Goal Can Be DisallowedBall Out of Play: When a Goal Can Be Disallowed is a useful lesson because many controversial decisions… Advanced VAR Protocol 2 min read
Attacking Phase of Play: Build-Up Fouls Before GoalsAttacking Phase of Play: Build-Up Fouls Before Goals sits at the heart of Law 12 because referees must… Advanced VAR Protocol 2 min read
Attacker Initiates Contact: No Penalty ScenariosAttacker Initiates Contact: No Penalty Scenarios is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing,… Advanced Penalties 2 min read
Handball in UEFA vs Domestic Leagues: Why It Feels DifferentHandball in UEFA vs Domestic Leagues: Why It Feels Different is one of the hardest decisions for referees… Advanced Handball 2 min read
Handball: Close Distance and Reaction TimeHandball: Close Distance and Reaction Time is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every ball-to-hand… Advanced Handball 2 min read
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