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Intermediate

In-depth lessons and guides to improve your understanding of VAR, Laws of the Game and refereeing.

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LessonLevelCategoryRead TimeDate
Backpass Law and Goalkeeper Restrictions – Referee Academy Lesson 161Backpass Law and Goalkeeper Restrictions matters because goalkeepers have special protections and special restrictions under the Laws of… Intermediate Offside 2 min read
VAR Communication Between Referee and Booth – Referee Academy Lesson 162VAR Communication Between Referee and Booth is central to modern refereeing because the IFAB VAR Protocol does not… Intermediate Referee Mechanics 2 min read
Contact in the Penalty Area Decisions – Referee Academy Lesson 164Contact in the Penalty Area Decisions is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing,… Intermediate Game Management 2 min read
VAR Review Process for Penalty Decisions – Referee Academy Lesson 168VAR Review Process for Penalty Decisions is central to modern refereeing because the IFAB VAR Protocol does not… Intermediate Offside 2 min read
Offside After Deflections and Saves – Referee Academy Lesson 141Offside After Deflections and Saves is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on whether… Intermediate Disciplinary 2 min read
Handball and Arm Position Explained – Referee Academy Lesson 151Handball and Arm Position Explained is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every ball-to-hand contact… Intermediate Handball 2 min read
Goalkeeper Movement on Penalties – Referee Academy Lesson 155Goalkeeper Movement on Penalties is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement and… Intermediate Handball 2 min read
Referee Positioning During Counterattacks – Referee Academy Lesson 158Referee Positioning During Counterattacks is about decision-making before the whistle as much as after it. Good refereeing mechanics… Intermediate Handball 2 min read
Goalkeeper Movement on Penalties – Referee Academy Lesson 125Goalkeeper Movement on Penalties is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement and… Intermediate Penalties 2 min read
Offside After Deflections and Saves – Referee Academy Lesson 126Offside After Deflections and Saves is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on whether… Intermediate Offside 2 min read
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