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VAR Academy

In-depth lessons and guides to improve your understanding of VAR, Laws of the Game and refereeing.

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LessonLevelCategoryRead TimeDate
Accidental Handball vs ‘Blocking’: Practical ExamplesAccidental Handball vs ‘Blocking’: Practical Examples is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every ball-to-hand… Intermediate Handball 2 min read
Arm Movement Toward the Ball: What MattersArm Movement Toward the Ball: What Matters is a useful referee education topic because the right answer usually… Intermediate Handball 2 min read
Handball in the Build-Up to a GoalHandball in the Build-Up to a Goal is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every… Advanced Handball 2 min read
Deflections: Does a Deflection Excuse Handball?Deflections: Does a Deflection Excuse Handball? is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on… Advanced Handball 2 min read
Handball 101: Punishable vs Non-PunishableHandball 101: Punishable vs Non-Punishable is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every ball-to-hand contact… Beginner Handball 2 min read
Unnaturally Bigger: The Key Handball ConceptUnnaturally Bigger: The Key Handball Concept is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every ball-to-hand… Intermediate Handball 2 min read
Offside: Challenging for the Ball vs Merely RunningOffside: Challenging for the Ball vs Merely Running is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often… Intermediate Offside 2 min read
Offside: Touching the Ball After a Teammate ShotOffside: Touching the Ball After a Teammate Shot is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often… Intermediate Offside 2 min read
Offside on Goalkeeper Saves: Rebounds and AdvantageOffside on Goalkeeper Saves: Rebounds and Advantage is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend… Advanced Offside 2 min read
Goalkeeper Movement on PenaltiesGoalkeeper Movement on Penalties is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement and… Intermediate Restarts 2 min read
Penalty Kick Procedure: The BasicsPenalty Kick Procedure: The Basics is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement… Beginner Restarts 2 min read
Quick Free Kicks: When Referees Allow ThemQuick Free Kicks: When Referees Allow Them is a useful lesson because many controversial decisions come from restarts… Intermediate Restarts 2 min read
Encroachment on Penalties: Retake RulesEncroachment on Penalties: Retake Rules is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement… Advanced Restarts 2 min read
Red Cards in the Box: DOGSO With a Genuine AttemptRed Cards in the Box: DOGSO With a Genuine Attempt sits at the heart of Law 12 because… Advanced Cards 2 min read
Delaying the Restart: Time-Wasting Yellow CardsDelaying the Restart: Time-Wasting Yellow Cards sits at the heart of Law 12 because referees must separate normal… Intermediate Restarts 2 min read
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