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VAR Academy

In-depth lessons and guides to improve your understanding of VAR, Laws of the Game and refereeing.

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LessonLevelCategoryRead TimeDate
Reckless Tackles: The Yellow Card ThresholdReckless Tackles: The Yellow Card Threshold sits at the heart of Law 12 because referees must separate normal… Intermediate Cards 2 min read
Excessive Force: Red Card IndicatorsExcessive Force: Red Card Indicators sits at the heart of Law 12 because referees must separate normal football… Advanced Cards 2 min read
Second Yellow Cards: Why VAR Can’t InterveneSecond Yellow Cards: Why VAR Can’t Intervene is central to modern refereeing because the IFAB VAR Protocol does… Beginner Cards 2 min read
Dissent: When Referees Can CautionDissent: When Referees Can Caution is a useful referee education topic because the right answer usually depends on… Beginner Cards 2 min read
SPA vs DOGSO: Promising Attack vs Obvious ChanceSPA vs DOGSO: Promising Attack vs Obvious Chance sits at the heart of Law 12 because referees must… Beginner Cards 2 min read
Serious Foul Play vs Violent ConductSerious Foul Play vs Violent Conduct sits at the heart of Law 12 because referees must separate normal… Intermediate Cards 2 min read
DOGSO Explained: Obvious Goal-Scoring OpportunityDOGSO Explained: Obvious Goal-Scoring Opportunity sits at the heart of Law 12 because referees must separate normal football… Intermediate Cards 2 min read
Penalty vs No Penalty: Shoulder-to-Shoulder ContactPenalty vs No Penalty: Shoulder-to-Shoulder Contact is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing,… Intermediate Penalties 2 min read
Penalty Incidents: Late Contact After a ShotPenalty Incidents: Late Contact After a Shot is one of the most debated areas of modern football because… Intermediate Penalties 2 min read
Soft Contact: When VAR Won’t Overturn a PenaltySoft Contact: When VAR Won’t Overturn a Penalty is central to modern refereeing because the IFAB VAR Protocol… Advanced Penalties 2 min read
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