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In-depth lessons and guides to improve your understanding of VAR, Laws of the Game and refereeing.

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LessonLevelCategoryRead TimeDate
Supporting Arm Handball Situations – Referee Academy Lesson 262Supporting Arm Handball Situations is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every ball-to-hand contact is… Advanced Penalties 2 min read
Serious Foul Play vs Reckless Challenges – Referee Academy Lesson 264Serious Foul Play vs Reckless Challenges sits at the heart of Law 12 because referees must separate normal… Advanced Game Management 2 min read
Handball and Arm Position Explained – Referee Academy Lesson 241Handball and Arm Position Explained is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every ball-to-hand contact… Advanced Offside 2 min read
Passive Offside Situations in Modern Football – Referee Academy Lesson 242Passive Offside Situations in Modern Football is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on… Advanced Offside 2 min read
VAR Review Process for Penalty Decisions – Referee Academy Lesson 243VAR Review Process for Penalty Decisions is central to modern refereeing because the IFAB VAR Protocol does not… Advanced Disciplinary 2 min read
DOGSO and Red Card Decisions – Referee Academy Lesson 244DOGSO and Red Card Decisions sits at the heart of Law 12 because referees must separate normal football… Advanced Game Management 2 min read
Goalkeeper Movement on Penalties – Referee Academy Lesson 245Goalkeeper Movement on Penalties is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement and… Advanced Offside 2 min read
Backpass Law and Goalkeeper Restrictions – Referee Academy Lesson 251Backpass Law and Goalkeeper Restrictions matters because goalkeepers have special protections and special restrictions under the Laws of… Advanced Disciplinary 2 min read
Contact in the Penalty Area Decisions – Referee Academy Lesson 254Contact in the Penalty Area Decisions is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing,… Advanced Handball 2 min read
DOGSO and Red Card Decisions – Referee Academy Lesson 259DOGSO and Red Card Decisions sits at the heart of Law 12 because referees must separate normal football… Advanced Offside 2 min read
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