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In-depth lessons and guides to improve your understanding of VAR, Laws of the Game and refereeing.

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LessonLevelCategoryRead TimeDate
Goalkeeper Movement on Penalties – Referee Academy Lesson 260Goalkeeper Movement on Penalties is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement and… Advanced Handball 2 min read
Passive Offside Situations in Modern Football – Referee Academy Lesson 227Passive Offside Situations in Modern Football is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on… Advanced Penalties 2 min read
DOGSO and Red Card Decisions – Referee Academy Lesson 229DOGSO and Red Card Decisions sits at the heart of Law 12 because referees must separate normal football… Advanced Penalties 2 min read
Goalkeeper Movement on Penalties – Referee Academy Lesson 230Goalkeeper Movement on Penalties is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement and… Advanced Referee Mechanics 2 min read
Penalty Encroachment Rules – Referee Academy Lesson 235Penalty Encroachment Rules is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement and player… Advanced Disciplinary 2 min read
Contact in the Penalty Area Decisions – Referee Academy Lesson 224Contact in the Penalty Area Decisions is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing,… Advanced Handball 2 min read
Semi‑Automated Offside Technology – Referee Academy Lesson 225Semi‑Automated Offside Technology is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on whether a touch… Advanced Game Management 2 min read
Penalty Encroachment Rules – Referee Academy Lesson 205Penalty Encroachment Rules is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement and player… Advanced Referee Mechanics 2 min read
Semi‑Automated Offside Technology – Referee Academy Lesson 210Semi‑Automated Offside Technology is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on whether a touch… Advanced Penalties 2 min read
Supporting Arm Handball Situations – Referee Academy Lesson 217Supporting Arm Handball Situations is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every ball-to-hand contact is… Advanced VAR 2 min read
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