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Beginner

In-depth lessons and guides to improve your understanding of VAR, Laws of the Game and refereeing.

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LessonLevelCategoryRead TimeDate
Backpass Law and Goalkeeper Restrictions – Referee Academy Lesson 26Backpass Law and Goalkeeper Restrictions matters because goalkeepers have special protections and special restrictions under the Laws of… Beginner Disciplinary 2 min read
Contact in the Penalty Area Decisions – Referee Academy Lesson 29Contact in the Penalty Area Decisions is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing,… Beginner Offside 2 min read
Handball and Arm Position Explained – Referee Academy Lesson 31Handball and Arm Position Explained is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every ball-to-hand contact… Beginner Offside 2 min read
Supporting Arm Handball Situations – Referee Academy Lesson 37Supporting Arm Handball Situations is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every ball-to-hand contact is… Beginner Offside 2 min read
Referee Positioning During Counterattacks – Referee Academy Lesson 38Referee Positioning During Counterattacks is about decision-making before the whistle as much as after it. Good refereeing mechanics… Beginner Disciplinary 2 min read
Penalty Encroachment Rules – Referee Academy Lesson 10Penalty Encroachment Rules is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement and player… Beginner Penalties 2 min read
Goalkeeper Movement on Penalties – Referee Academy Lesson 20Goalkeeper Movement on Penalties is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement and… Beginner VAR 2 min read
Referee Team Roles: Ref, ARs, 4th, VAR, AVARReferee Team Roles: Ref, ARs, 4th, VAR, AVAR is central to modern refereeing because the IFAB VAR Protocol… Beginner VAR Protocol 2 min read
Offside Basics: Position vs OffenseOffside Basics: Position vs Offense is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on whether… Beginner Offside 2 min read
Referee Signals: TV-Screen Gesture, Advantage, and MoreReferee Signals: TV-Screen Gesture, Advantage, and More is a useful lesson because many controversial decisions come from restarts… Beginner VAR Protocol 2 min read
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