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Beginner

In-depth lessons and guides to improve your understanding of VAR, Laws of the Game and refereeing.

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LessonLevelCategoryRead TimeDate
Goalkeeper Movement on Penalties – Referee Academy Lesson 50Goalkeeper Movement on Penalties is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement and… Beginner Handball 2 min read
Supporting Arm Handball Situations – Referee Academy Lesson 52Supporting Arm Handball Situations is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every ball-to-hand contact is… Beginner Handball 2 min read
Backpass Law and Goalkeeper Restrictions – Referee Academy Lesson 56Backpass Law and Goalkeeper Restrictions matters because goalkeepers have special protections and special restrictions under the Laws of… Beginner Handball 2 min read
Delaying the Restart of Play Explained – Referee Academy Lesson 58Delaying the Restart of Play Explained is a useful lesson because many controversial decisions come from restarts and… Beginner VAR 2 min read
Contact in the Penalty Area Decisions – Referee Academy Lesson 59Contact in the Penalty Area Decisions is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing,… Beginner Referee Mechanics 2 min read
Contact in the Penalty Area Decisions – Referee Academy Lesson 44Contact in the Penalty Area Decisions is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing,… Beginner Offside 2 min read
Semi‑Automated Offside Technology – Referee Academy Lesson 45Semi‑Automated Offside Technology is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on whether a touch… Beginner Offside 2 min read
Handball and Arm Position Explained – Referee Academy Lesson 46Handball and Arm Position Explained is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every ball-to-hand contact… Beginner Disciplinary 2 min read
Offside After Deflections and Saves – Referee Academy Lesson 21Offside After Deflections and Saves is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on whether… Beginner Handball 2 min read
Penalty Encroachment Rules – Referee Academy Lesson 25Penalty Encroachment Rules is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement and player… Beginner Referee Mechanics 2 min read
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