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Beginner

In-depth lessons and guides to improve your understanding of VAR, Laws of the Game and refereeing.

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LessonLevelCategoryRead TimeDate
Offside After Deflections and Saves – Referee Academy Lesson 216Offside After Deflections and Saves is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on whether… Beginner Disciplinary 2 min read
Referee Positioning During Counterattacks – Referee Academy Lesson 218Referee Positioning During Counterattacks is about decision-making before the whistle as much as after it. Good refereeing mechanics… Beginner Game Management 2 min read
Penalty Encroachment Rules – Referee Academy Lesson 190Penalty Encroachment Rules is one of the most debated areas of modern football because timing, movement and player… Beginner Offside 2 min read
VAR Communication Between Referee and Booth – Referee Academy Lesson 192VAR Communication Between Referee and Booth is central to modern refereeing because the IFAB VAR Protocol does not… Beginner VAR 2 min read
Semi‑Automated Offside Technology – Referee Academy Lesson 195Semi‑Automated Offside Technology is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on whether a touch… Beginner Game Management 2 min read
Handball and Arm Position Explained – Referee Academy Lesson 196Handball and Arm Position Explained is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every ball-to-hand contact… Beginner Referee Mechanics 2 min read
Passive Offside Situations in Modern Football – Referee Academy Lesson 197Passive Offside Situations in Modern Football is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on… Beginner Referee Mechanics 2 min read
Passive Offside Situations in Modern Football – Referee Academy Lesson 182Passive Offside Situations in Modern Football is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on… Beginner Handball 2 min read
Offside After Deflections and Saves – Referee Academy Lesson 186Offside After Deflections and Saves is a classic Law 11 situation because offside decisions often depend on whether… Beginner VAR 2 min read
Handball and Arm Position Explained – Referee Academy Lesson 166Handball and Arm Position Explained is one of the hardest decisions for referees because not every ball-to-hand contact… Beginner Offside 2 min read
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